Lichens in India
LIST OF FAMILIES AND GENERA OF LICHEN IN INDIA
Lichens, nature’s most unique and successful alliances constitute one of the important components of biodiversity and occur on various substrata such as bark and twigs of trees, rocks, soil, and leaves in almost all suitable climatic conditions starting from tropical to alpine regions and polar regions of Antarctica. In India, they are represented by 2532 species under 324 genera and 78 families including 541 endemic (21.3 %) species (G.P. Sinha, unpublished data). Although lichens occur everywhere in the country but their major centres of diversity and occurrence in India are Eastern Himalaya, Northeastern India, Western Ghats, Western Himalaya and Andaman and Nicobar islands. These grow from sea level to 5000 m altitude and show their best manifestation in tropical to temperate regions.
Lichens are very useful to people in diverse cultures, especially as a source of stuff, dyes, crude drugs, medicines, perfumery, agrochemicals and other useful compounds. A variety of natural products isolated from lichens have been found to exhibit a wide range of potentially useful biological activities such as inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, cancer growth, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects.
These have even greater potential for novel biological activities including inhibition of tyrosinase, inhibition of activation of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Superoxide Dimutase-like (SOD-like) activity, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Now days, lichens have been used worldwide to evaluate air quality, climate change, as well as an effective early-warning system to detect accumulation of heavy metals and radioactive materials in terrestrial ecosystems. Lichens are excellent indicators of ecosystem health and play a significant role in nature, influencing soil fertility through nutrients and nitrogen fixation, in addition to water cycle and other significance.
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Family
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Genera
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Acarosporaceae
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1. Acarospora A. Massal.
2. Glypholecia Nyl.
3. Pleopsidium Körb.
4. Sarcogyne Flot.
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Agyriaceae
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1. Trapeliopsis Hertel & Gotth. Schneid
2. Xylographa (Fr.) Fr.
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Arthoniaceae
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1. Arthonia Ach.
2. Cryptothecia Stirt.
3. Herpothallon Tobler
4. Stirtonia A.L. Sm.
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Arthopyreniaceae
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1. Arthopyrenia A. Massal.
2. Mycomicrothelia Keissl.
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Aspidotheliaceae
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1. Aspidothelium Vain.
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Asterothyriaceae
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1. Asterothyrium Müll. Arg.
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Baeomycetaceae
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1. Baeomyces Pers.
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Biatorellaceae
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1. Biatorella De Not.
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Caliciaceae
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1. Acroscyphus Lëv.
2. Amandinea M. Choisy ex Scheid. & H. Mayrhofer
3. Baculifera Marbach & Kalb
4. Buellia De Not.
5. Calicium Pers.
6. Cratiria Marbach
7. Cyphelium Ach.
8. Dimelaena Norman em Beltr.
9. Diploicia A. Massal.
10. Dirinaria (Tuck.) Clem.
11. Hafellia Kalb & al.
12. Pyxine Fr.
13. Sculptolumina Marbach
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Family
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Genera
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Candelariaceae
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1. Candelaria A. Massal.
2. Candelariella Müll. Arg.
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Catillariaceae
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1. Catillaria A. Massal.
2. Placolecis Trevis.
3. Toninia A. Massal.
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Chrysothricaceae
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1. Chrysothrix Mont.
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Cladoniaceae
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1. Cladia Nyl.
2. Cladonia P. Browne
3. Gymnoderma Nyl.
4. Pilophorus Th. Fr.
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Coccocarpaceae
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1. Coccocarpia Pers.
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Coenogoniaceae
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1. Coenogonium Ehrenb.
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Collemataceae
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1. Collema Weber ex F.H. Wigg.
2. Leptogium (Ach.) Gray
3. Physma A. Massal.
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Coniocybaceae
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1. Coniocybe Ach.
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Crocyneaceae
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1. Crocynia (Ach.) A. Massal.
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Ectolechiaceae
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1. Badimia Vězda
2. Calopadia Vězda
3. Lasioloma R. Sant.
4. Loflammia Vězda
5. ? Lopadium Körb.
6. Sporopodium Mont.
7. ? Tapellaria Müll. Arg.
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Fuscideaceae
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1. Maronea A. Massal.
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Gomphillaceae
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1. Aderkomyces Bat.
2. Aulaxina Fée
3. Calenia Müll. Arg.
4. Caleniopsis Vězda & Poelt
5. Echinoplaca Fée
6. Gyalectidium Müll. Arg.
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Family
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Genera
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Gomphillaceae (Contd…)
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7. Gyalideopsis Vězda
8. Tricharia Fée
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Graphidaceae
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1. Acanthothecis Clem.
2. Anomomorpha Nyl. ex Hue
3. Carbacanthographis Staiger & Kalb
4. Diorygma Eschw.
5. Dyplolabia A. Massal.
6. Fissurina Fée
7. Glyphis Ach.
8. Graphina Müll. Arg.
9. Graphis Adans.
10. Hemithecium Trevis.
11. Leiorreuma Eschw.
12. Pallidogramme Staiger & al.
13. Phaeographina Müll. Arg.
14. Phaeographis Müll. Arg.
15. Phaeographopsis Sipman
16. Platygramme Fée
17. Platythecium Staiger
18. Sarcographa Fée
19. ? Schistophoron Stirt.
20. Thalloloma Trevis.
21. Thecaria Fée
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Gyalectaceae
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1. Cryptolechia A. Massal.
2. Gyalecta Ach.
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Haematommataceae
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1. Haematomma A. Massal.
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Hymeneliaceae
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1. Eiglera Hafellner
2. Ionaspis Th. Fr.
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Icmadophilaceae
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1. Dibaeis Clem.
2. Icmadophila Trevis.
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Family
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Genera
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Icmadophilaceae (Contd…)
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3. Siphula Fr.
4. Thamnolia Ach. ex Schaer
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Lecanoraceae
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1. Carbonea (Hertel) Hertel
2. Lecanora Ach.
3. Lecidella Körb.
4. Ramboldia Kantvilas & Elix
5. Rhizoplaca Zopf
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Lecideaceae
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1. Lecidea Ach.
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Letrouitiaceae
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1. Letrouitia Hafellner & Bellem.
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Lichinaceae
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1. Anema Nyl.
2. Heppia Nageli ex A. Massal.
3. Lempholemma Körb.
4. Peccania A. Massal. ex Arnold
5. Phylliscum Nyl.
6. Psorotichia A. Massal.
7. Thyrea A. Massal.
8. Zahlbrucknerella Herre
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Lobariaceae
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1. Lobaria (Schreb.) Hoffm.
2. Lobarina (Vain.) Nyl. ex Cromb.
3. Pseudocyphellaria Vain.
4. Sticta (Schreb.) Ach.
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Massalongiaceae
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1. Polychidium (Ach.) Gray
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Megalariaceae
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1. Megalaria Hafellner
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Megalosporaceae
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1. Byssophragmia M. Choisy
2. Megaloblastenia Sipman
3. Megalospora Meyen
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Megasporaceae
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1. Aspicilia A. Massal.
2. Lobothallia (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Hafellner
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Melaspileaceae
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1. Melaspilea Nyl.
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Family
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Genera
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Monoblastiaceae
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1. Anisomeridium (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy
2. Monoblastia Riddle
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Mycoblastaceae
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1. Mycoblastus Norman
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Mycoporaceae
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1. Mycoporum Körb.
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Naetrocymbaceae
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1. Naetrocymbe Körb.
2. ? Leptorhaphis Körb.
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Nephromataceae
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1. Nephroma Ach.
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Ochrolechiaceae
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1. Ochrolechia A. Massal.
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Pannariaceae
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1. Erioderma Fée
2. Fuscopannaria P.M. Jørg.
3. Kroswia P.M. Jørg.
4. Leioderma Fée
5. Pannaria Del.
6. Parmeliella Müll. Arg.
7. Vahliella P.M. Jørg.
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Parmeliaceae
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1. Alectoria Ach.
2. Allocetraria Kurok. & M.J. Lai
3. Anzia Stizenb.
4. Arctoparmelia Hale
5. Bryoria Brodo & D. Hawksw.
6. Bulbothrix Hale
7. Canoparmelia Elix & Hale
8. Cetraria Ach.
9. Cetrelia W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb
10. Cetreliopsis M.J. Lai
11. Evernia Ach.
12. Everniastrum Hale ex Sipman
13. Flavocetraria Kärnefelt & A. Thell
14. Flavocetrariella D.D. Awasthi
15. Flavoparmelia Hale
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Family
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Genera
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Parmeliaceae (Contd…)
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16. Flavopunctelia (Krog) Hale
17. Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl.
18. Hypotrachyna (Vain.) Hale
19. Lethariella (Motyka) Krog
20. Melanelia Essl.
21. Melanelixia O. Blanco & al.
22. Melanohalea O. Blanco & al.
23. Menegazzia A. Massal.
24. Myelochroa (Asahina) Elix
25. Nephromopsis Müll. Arg.
26. Oropogon Th. Fr.
27. Parmelaria D.D. Awasthi
28. Parmelia Ach.
29. Parmelina Hale
30. Parmelinella Elix & Hale
31. Parmelinopsis Elix & Hale
32. Parmeliopsis (Nyl.) Nyl.
33. Parmotrema A. Massal.
34. Platismatia W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
35. Pleurosticta Petr.
36. Protoparmelia M. Choisy
37. Punctelia Krog
38. Relicina (Hale & Kurok.) Hale
39. Relicinopsis Elix & Verdon
40. Sulcaria Bystrek
41. Tuckermannopsis Gyeln.
42. Tuckneraria Randlane & A. Thell
43. Usnea Dill. ex Adans.
44. Vulpicida Mattson & M.J. Lai
45. Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale
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Family
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Genera
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Peltigeraceae
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1. Peltigera Willd.
2. Solorina Ach.
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Peltulaceae
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1. Peltula Nyl.
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Pertusariaceae
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1. Pertusaria DC.
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Phlyctidaceae
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1. Phlyctis (Wallr.) Flot.
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Phyllobatheliaceae
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1. Phyllobathelium (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.
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Physciaceae
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1. Anaptychia Körb.
2. Heterodermia Trevis. em. Poelt
3. Hyperphyscia Müll. Arg.
4. Phaeophyscia Moberg
5. Physcia (Schreb.) Mich.
6. Physconia Poelt
7. Rinodina (Ach.) Gray
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Pilocarpaceae
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1. Bapalmuia Sérus.
2. Byssolecania Vain.
3. Byssoloma Trevis.
4. Fellhanera Vìzda
5. Micarea Fr.
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Placynthiaceae
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1. Placynthium (Ach.) Gray
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Porinaceae
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1. Porina Ach.
2. Trichothelium Müll. Arg.
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Porpidiaceae
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1. Porpidia Körb.
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Psoraceae
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1. Lecidoma Goth. Schneid. & Hertel
2. Protoblastenia (Zahlbr.) J. Steiner
3. Psora Hoffm.
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Pyrenulaceae
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1. Anthracothecium Hampe ex A. Massal.
2. Lithothelium Müll. Arg.
3. Pyrenula Ach.
4. Pyrgillus Nyl.
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Family
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Genera
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Ramalinaceae
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1. Bacidia De Not.
2. Bacidina Vìzda
3. Bacidiospora Kalb
4. Biatora Fr.
5. Catinaria Vain.
6. Frutidella Kalb
7. Lopezaria Kalb & Hafellner
8. Phyllopsora Müll. Arg.
9. Physcidia Tuck.
10. Psorella Müll. Arg.
11. Ramalina Ach.
12. Rolfidium Moberg
13. Schadonia Körb.
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Rhizocarpaceae
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1. Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC.
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Roccellaceae
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1. Bactrospora A. Massal.
2. Chiodecton Ach.
3. Cresponea Egea & Torrente
4. Dichosporidium Pat.
5. Enterodictyon Müll. Arg.
6. Enterographa Fée
7. Erythrodecton G. Thor
8. Graphidastra (Redinger) G. Thor
9. Lecanactis Körb.
10. Lecanographa Egea & Torrente
11. Mazosia A. Massal.
12. Minksia Müll. Arg.
13. Opegrapha Ach.
14. Pulvinodecton Henssen & G. Thor
15. Roccella DC.
16. Schismatomma Flot. & Körb. ex A. Massal.
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Family
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Genera
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Roccellaceae (Contd…)
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17. Sclerophyton Eschw.
18. Sigridea Tehler
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Schaereriaceae
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1. Schaereria Körb.
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Sphaerophoraceae
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1. Bunodophoron A. Massal.
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Sphinctrinaceae
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1. Pyrgidium Nyl.
2. Sphinctrina Fr.
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Stereocaulaceae
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1. Lepraria Ach.
2. Squamarina Poelt
3. Stereocaulon (Schreb.) Hoffm.
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Stictidaceae
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1. Conotrema Tuck.
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Strigulaceae
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1. ? Phylloblastia Vain.
2. Strigula Fr.
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Teloschistaceae
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1. Caloplaca Th. Fr.
2. Ioplaca Poelt
3. Teloschistes Norman
4. Xanthoria (Fr.) Th. Fr.
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Tephromelataceae
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1. Heppsora D.D. Awasthi & Kr. P. Singh
2. Tephromela M. Choisy
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Thelenellaceae
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1. Julella Fabre
2. Thelenella Nyl.
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Thelocarpaceae
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1. Thelocarpon Nyl.
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Thelotremataceae
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1. Chapsa A. Massal.
2. Chroodiscus (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.
3. Diploschistes Norman
4. Leptotrema Mont. & Bosch
5. Leucodecton A. Massal.
6. Melanotrema A. Frisch
7. Myriotrema Fée
8. Nadvornikia Tibell
9. Ocellularia G. Mey.
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Family
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Genera
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Thelotremataceae (Contd…)
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10. Reimnitzia Kalb
11. Stegobolus Mont.
12. Thelotrema Ach.
13. Topeliopsis Kantvilas & Vězda
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Trapeliaceae
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1. Placopsis Nyl.
2. Placynthiella Elenkin
3. Trapelia M. Choisy
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Trypetheliaceae
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1. Astrothelium Eschw.
2. Bathelium Trevis.
3. Campylothelium Müll. Arg.
4. Laurera Rchb.
5. Megalotremis Aptroot
6. Polymeridium (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
7. Pseudopyrenula Müll. Arg.
8. Trypethelium Spreng.
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Umbilicariaceae
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1. Lasallia Mérat
2. Umbilicaria Hoffm.
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Verrucariaceae
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1. Awasthiella Kr. P. Singh
2. Catapyrenium Flot.
3. Dermatocarpon Eschw.
4. Endocarpon Hedw.
5. Normandina Nyl.
6. Placidium A. Massal.
7. Staurothele Norman
8. Thelidiopsis Vain.
9. Verrucaria Schrad.
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Genera with unsettled family status under Order
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Order
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Genera
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Arthoniales
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1. Arthothelium A. Massal.
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Lecanorales
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1. Botryolepraria Canals & al.
2. Heterocyphelium Vain.
3. Lecania A. Massal.
4. Leprocaulon Nyl. ex Lamy
5. Mycobilimbia Rehm
6. Psilolechia A. Massal.
7. Tylophoron Nyl. ex Stizenb.
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Ostropales
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1. Thelopsis Nyl.
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Source: K.P. Singh & G.P. Sinha. 2010. Indian Lichens: An annotated checklist. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.
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